介词的原理

Introduction

名词和介词在现实世界中看的着摸得见,但是介词不一样,往往抽象难以理解。

牛津词典对10亿单词做出分析后,列出了英语中最常用的单词。其中最常用的30个单词中,10个就是介词。足以说明介词在英语使用中非常重要。

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据说介词这个术语来自清朝末年的语言学家马建忠老师,原话是:

凡虚字用以连实字相关之义者,曰“介词”。介字云者,犹为实字之介绍耳。

也就是说介词是为了介绍实词而存在的,其中实词代表具体的,有意义的词,甚至是看得见摸得着的东西。与实词相对的就是虚词。

在英文中,介词为:preposition,这个词本身符合英语构词法,pre表示在前的,position是位置。即前置词。介词通常是放置在名词,代词前,给他们增加附加信息的词。

介词的附加信息:

时间信息,空间信息,方式信息,逻辑信息(原因, 目的,对象)

时间信息:

我在8点前吃饭。- before

我在8点时吃饭。- at

我在8点后吃饭。- after

空间信息

我在屋子里吃饭。- in

我在屋子外吃饭。- out

猫在桌子上吃饭。- on

猫在桌子下吃饭。- under

逻辑信息:

我为了健康吃蔬菜。- for

我除了蔬菜什么都不吃。- except

介词必须在其后附加其他实义词才有实际意义,这也就是为什么介词无法单独作为句子成分出现。

介词的构成形式

简单介词

短语介词

注意:短语介词与介词短语不是一个东西

by way of

at the end of

along with

because of

previous to

合成介词

into - 到···之内

onto - 到···之上

within - 在···之内

notwithstanding - 尽管

分词介词

including - 包括

regarding - 关于

considering - 考虑到;鉴于

given - 考虑到;如果

介词学习的误区

通常仅具有单个或几个少量的主要含义的介词,翻译与中文可以逐个对应,因此容易掌握:

until; along; except

而常用介词,出现频率很高,因此有很多引申含义,无法与中文逐个对应。

in != 里面

on != 上面

with != 和

同样的,在世界各国语言中,越是常用的词,具有的引申意义就更多。

打人,打字,打雷,打算,打住,打交道,几乎全都是不一样的意思。我们根本无法找到一个固定的意思与之对应。

hit 42 degree, the idea hit me, hit the break, hit the road.

这种情况下 != under this situation,反而是 in this situation,但是under this circumstance也是这个意思,与中文思维一致。

因此最重要的就是:切忌把介词和中文对号入座,强行找一个翻译来对应。

介词学习的诀窍

一词多义

about ~= on the outside of (在···外面)

···的外围;有涉及;非核心;涉及到(关于):

I know something about your school.

Let’s talk about something about that issue.

Wolves are about dangerous.

外部范围:There are about 2,000 students in your school.

on ~= 在···之上

Dinner is on me.(付钱的重担在我身上)

The cat in on the table.

On the way.

beyond ~= 超出

It’s beyond me.(超出我的理解)

in ~= 被···包裹(在···里面)

in the sun(被阳光包围)

in the dress(被裙子包围)

in English(被英语包围)

一义多词

in, on, at都有的意思

in:大范围

被···包围,但并不是完全没有空间,还可以移动

in the city, in the country, in the bus, in the east, in the west,

大范围时间

in 2 years, in 2 months, in two days, in the week

on:中范围

在···之上,物体的一个面至少已经和另一个物体接触上了,中间没有空隙

on the table, on the east, on the west

at:精确范围(点)

在一个点的上面,这个点是一个明确的位置,是一个特指

at corner, at shop(in shop)

具体时刻

at 8 P.M., at that moment

I’m walking in the street,

A cat is on the street.

I am at the E.st and W.st.

常见英语介词用法

空间

in

in the house

in the park

in the country

on

on the table

on the floor

at

at the corner

at bus station

上下

over

正上方;覆盖->越过,是一种动态的感觉

over the year

The plane flew over the mountain

above

高于某个面,与over对应,不需要正上方,与over对应,是一种静态的感觉

the sky above us

under

与over对应,是正下方

below

与above对应

附近

near

旁边,但离着较下面三个介词较远

near the house

by/beside

旁边,较近

next to

紧挨着

the building next to the school

穿过

across

在表面穿过,主语cross是动词 cross the road

go across the road

through

在内部穿过

sunlight goes through the window

look through the windows

past

经过 I walked past a shop

在···之前

in front of

behind

between

between and

among

before(时间)

多用于时间,而不是空间

before you arrive

before you finish your homework

围绕

round/around

around the world

around the tree

There are so many children around my teacher.

沿着

along

walk along this road

to/toward/towards

go to your school

up

向上

up the hill

up the river

hands up

down

向下

walk down the street

到···

onto

jump onto the table

into

walk into the house

out of

walk out of (from) my house

get out of (from) my office

在···对面

opposite

My school is opposite my house.

against

与···相反,对抗,依靠

We battle against our enemies.

I leaned against the wall.

远离

off

The US is off China.

时间

in

on

at

during

for

since

before

在一段时间之前

before 2 years

after

from···to···

by

不超过···的边界,在···之前

by 2 P.M.

until

until 8 P.M

方式

in

through/via

by

with(伴随)

on(电子设备)

原因

for

because of/due to/owing to/on account of

关于

about/on

of(仍然是所属,站队的意思)

数值

at(数值点)

at a high proce

by(差值)

increase by 2 percent

to(到某点)

increase to 98 percent

for(以···的价格)

排除

besides

除了···还

I also like eating apple besides carrot.

except

除了

I like eating all the fruits except apple.

except for与but类似,表示转折的除了,意味美中不足的是

I like today’s dinner except for that awful guy.

I like today’s dinner but that awful gup made me uncomfortable.

介词短语

介词后面与动词一样需要添加宾语

Preparation + Object = 介词短语

介词短语直接作为主语,宾语,补足语甚至定语或状语出现在句子中

Between 10 and 11 is a good time to sleep.

The meeting is at 2 P.M.

I found my sister in good emotion.

This is the key to this house.

My sister sleep at noon.

介词固定搭配

for example

at ease

in return

in turn

need for

long for

ready for