English-WordRoot-WordPrefix-WordSuffix
英语单词构词法
前缀
第1节 表示否定意义的前缀
(1) 纯否定前缀
- a-, an-:
asymmetry (不对称),anhydrous (无水的) - dis-:
dishonest,dislike - in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-:
incapable,inability,ignoble,impossible,immoral,illegal,irregular - ne-, n-:
none,neither,never - non-:
nonsense - un-:
unable,unemployment
(2) 表示“错误”的意义
- male-, mal-:
malfunction,maladjustment (失调) - mis-:
mistake,mislead - pseudo-:
pseudonym (假名),pseudoscience (伪科学)
(3) 表示“反动作”的意思
- de-:
defend,demodulation (解调) - dis-:
disarm,disconnect - un-:
unload,uncover
(4) 表示“相反、相互对立”的意思
- anti-, ant-:
antiknock (防震),antiforeign (排外的) - contra-, contre-, contro-:
contradiction,controflow (逆流) - counter-:
counteraction,counterbalance - ob-, oc-, of-, op-:
object,oppose,occupy - with-:
withdraw,withstand
第2节 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| a- | 在……之上、向…… | aboard, aside |
| by- | 附近、邻近、边侧 | bypath, bypass |
| circum-, circu- | 周围、环绕、回转 | circumstance, circuit |
| de- | 在下、向下 | descend, degrade |
| en- | 在内、进入 | encage, enbed |
| ex-, ec-, es- | 外部、外 | exit, eclipse, expand, export |
| extra- | 额外 | extraction |
| fore- | 在前面 | forehead, foreground |
| in-, il-, im-, ir- | 向内、在内、背于 | inland, invade, inside, import |
| inter-, intel- | 在……间,相互 | international, interaction |
| intro- | 向内、在内、内侧 | introduce |
| medi-, med-, mid- | 中,中间 | Mediterranean, midposition |
| out- | 在上面,在外部,在外 | outline, outside, outward |
| over- | 在上面,在外部,向上 | overlook, overhead, overboard |
| post- | 向后,在后面,次 | postscript (附言), postgraduate |
| pre- | 在前,在前面 | prefix, preface, preposition |
| pro- | 在前、向前 | progress, proceed |
| sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus- | 在下面,下 | subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement |
| super-, sur- | 在……之上 | superficial, surface, superstructure |
| trans- | 移上,转上,在那一边 | translate, transform, transoceanic |
| under- | 在……下面,下的 | underline, underground |
| up- | 向上,向上面,在上 | upward, uphold, uphill |
第3节 表示时间、序列关系的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| ante-, anti- | 先前,早于,预先 | antecedent, anticipate |
| ex- | 先、故、旧 | ex-president, ex-husband |
| fore- | 在前面、先前、前面 | foreword, foretell |
| mid-, medi- | 中,中间 | midnight, midsummer |
| post- | 在后,后 | postwar |
| pre-, pri- | 在前、事先、预先 | preheat, prewar, prehistory |
| pro- | 在前、先、前 | prologue (序幕), prophet |
| re- | 再一次、重新 | retell, rewrite |
第4节 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| by- | 副、次要的 | byproduct |
| extra- | 超越、额外 | extraordinary |
| hyper- | 超过、极度 | hypersonic, hypertension |
| out- | 超过、过分 | outdo (超过), outbid |
| over- | 超过、过度、太 | overeat, overdress, oversleep |
| sub-, suc- | 次、低、副、亚 | subeditor, subordinate, succession |
| super-, sur- | 超过 | supernatural, superpower, surplus |
| under- | 低劣、低下 | undersize, undergrown |
| vice- | 副、次 | vice-president, vice-chairman |
第5节 表示共同、相等意思的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- | 共同、一起 | combine, connect, coexist |
| syn-, syl-, sym- | 同、共、和、类 | synthesis, sympathy |
第6节 表示整个完全意思的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| al- | 完整、完全 | alone, almost |
| over- | 完全、全 | overall, overflow (充满) |
| pan- | 全、总、万 | panentheism (泛神论), panorama (全景、概论) |
第7节 表示分离、离开意思的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| a-, ab-, abs- | 分离、离开 | away, apart, abstract, abstain |
| de- | 离去、除去 | depart, decolour |
| dis-, di-, dif- | 分离、离开 | disarm, divorce |
| ex-, e- | 离开、分离 | expel, exclude, expatriate |
| for- | 离开、脱离 | forgive, forget |
| re- | 离开 | release, resolve |
| se- | 分离、隔离 | separate, seduce, select |
第8节 表示通过、遍及意思的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| dia- | 通过、横过 | diameter, diagram |
| per-, pel- | 通、总、遍 | perfect, perform, pervade (浸透) |
| trans- | 横过、贯通 | transparent, transmit, transport |
第9节 表示加强意思的前缀
- a-:
arouse,ashamed - ad-:
adjoin,adhere (粘着)
第10节 表示变换此类作用的前缀
- be-:
befriend (帮助、扶助) - en-:
enslave,enable,enrich - ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-:
adapt,accord,affix,aggression,arrive,assist,attend,attract,arrange,assign
第11节 表示数量关系的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| mono-, mon- | 单一、一 | monotone, monopoly, monarch |
| ambi-, bi-, di-, twi- | 二、两、双 | ambiguous, amphibian, bicycle, diode, twilight |
| deca-, deco-, dec-, deci- | 十 | decade, decimals |
| hecto-, hect-, centi- | 百,百分之一 | hectometer, centimeter |
| kilo- | 千、千分之一 | kilometer |
| myria-, myri-, mega, meg, micro- | 万、万分之一 | myriametre, megabyte, microvolt |
| multi-, mult-, poly- | 许多、复、多数 | multimetre, polysyllable |
| hemi-, demi-, semi-, pene-, pen- | 半、一半 | hemisphere, demiofiicial, semiconductor, semitransparent, peninsula |
第12节 表示特殊意义的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| arch- | 首位、第一的、主要的 | architect, archbishop |
| auto- | 自己、独立、自动 | automobile, autobiography |
| bene- | 善、福 | benefit |
| eu- | 优、美好 | eugenics (优生学), euphemism |
| male-, mal- | 恶、不良 | maltreatment, malodor |
| macro- | 大、宏大 | macroscopic (宏观) |
| magni- | 大 | magnificent |
| micro- | 微 | microscope |
第13节 表示术语的前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| aud- | 听、声 | audience |
| bio- | 生命、生物 | biography |
| ge- | 地球、大地 | geography |
| phon- | 声、音调 | phonograph |
| tele- | 远离 | television, telephone |
后缀
第1节 名词后缀
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
| 后缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| -an, -ian | ……地方的人,精通 ……的人 | American, historian |
| -al | 具有 ……职务的人 | principal |
| -ant, -ent | ……者 | merchant, agent, servant, student |
| -ar | ……的人 | scholar, liar |
| -ard, -art | 做……的人 | coward, laggard, braggart |
| -arian | ……派别/主义的人 | humanitarian, vegetarian |
| -ary | 从事 ……的人 | secretary, missionary |
| -ate | 具有 ……职责的人 | candidate, graduate |
| -ator | 做……的人 | educator, speculator |
| -crat | 某种政体、主义的支持者 | democrat, bureaucrat |
| -ee | 动作承受者 | employee, examinee |
| -eer | 从事于 ……的人 | engineer, volunteer |
| -er | 从事某职业的人,某地区、地方的人 | banker, observer, Londoner, villager |
| -ese | ……国人, ……地方的人 | Japanese, Cantonese |
| -ess | 阴性人称名词 | actress, hostess, manageress |
| -eur | ……家 | amateur, litterateur |
| -ian | ……地方人,信仰……教的人,从事……职业的人 | Christian, physician, musician |
| -ician | 精通者, ……家 | electrician, magician, technician |
| -icist | ……家,……者, ……能手 | physicist, phoneticist, technicist |
| -ic | ……者, ……师 | mechanic, critic |
| -ie | 爱称,指小 | diaries, auntie, lassie |
| -ier | 从事 ……职业 | cavalier, clothier, brazier |
| -ine, -ina | 阴性人称 | heroine, ballerina |
| -ist | 从事 ……研究者, 信仰……主义者 | pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist |
| -ive | 动作者,行动者 | native, captive |
| -logist | ……学家,研究者 | biologist, geologist |
| -or | ……者 | author, doctor, operator |
| -ster | 做……事情的人 | youngester, gamester, songster |
| -yer | 从事 ……职业者 | lawyer |
(2) 构成具有抽象名词含义
| 后缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| -acy | 性质、状态、境遇 | accuracy, diplomacy |
| -age | 状态、行为、身份及结果、总称 | courage, storage, marriage |
| -al | 事物的动作、过程 | refusal, arrival, survival, denial |
| 表示具体的事物 | manual, signal, editorial, journal |
|
| -ance, -ence | 性质、状态、行为、过程、总量、程度 | endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience |
| -ancy, -ency | 性质、状态、行为、过程 | frequency, urgency, efficiency |
| -bility | 动作、性质、状态 | possibility, feasibility |
| -craft | 工艺、技巧 | woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft |
| -cracy | 统治、支配 | bureaucracy, democracy |
| -cy | 性质、状态、职位、级别 | bankruptcy, supremacy |
| -dom | 等级、领域、状态 | freedom, kingdom, wisdom |
| -ery, -ry | 行为、状态、习性 | bravery, bribery, rivalry |
| -ety | 性质、状态 | variety, dubiety |
| -faction, -facture | 作成, ……化、作用 | satisfaction, manufacture |
| -hood | 资格、身份、年纪、状态 | childhood, falsehood |
| -ice | 行为、性质、状态 | notice, justice, service |
| -ine | 带有抽象概念 | medicine, discipline, famine |
| -ing | 动作的过程,结果 | building, writing, learning |
| -ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition | 行为的过程、结果、状况 | action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction |
| -ise | 性质、状态 | exercise, merchandise |
| -ism | 制度、主义、学说、信仰、行为 | socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism |
| -ity | 性质、状态、程度 | purity, reality, ability, calamity |
| -ment | 行为、状态、过程、手段及其结果 | treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument |
| -mony | 动作的结果、状态 | ceremony, testimony |
| -ness | 性质、状态、程度 | goodness, kindness, tiredness |
| -or, -our | 动作、性质、状态 | favor, error |
| -osity | 动作、状态 | curiosity |
| -ship | 情况、性质、技巧、技能及身份、职业 | hardship, membership, friendship |
| -th | 动作、性质、过程、状态 | depth, wealth, truth, length, growth |
| -tude | 性质、状态、程度 | latitude, altitude |
| -ure | 行为、结果 | exposure, pressure, failure |
| -y | 行为的结果、状态、性质 | glory, history, inquiry |
(3) 带有场所、地方的含义
| 后缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| -age | 住所、地点 | village, cottage |
| -ary | 住所、场地 | library, granary |
| -ery, -ry | 工作场所、饲养地、地点 | laundry, nursery, surgery |
| -ory | 工作场所、住处 | factory, dormitory, laboratory |
(4) 表示学术、科技含义
| 后缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| -grapy | ……学,写法 | biography, calligraphy, geography |
| -ic, -ics | ……学, ……法 | logic, mechanics, optics |
| -ology | ……学, ……论 | biology, zoology, technology |
| -nomy | ……学, ……术 | astronomy, economy |
| -ery | 学科、学术 | chemistry, cookery, machinery |
| -y | ……学,术,法 | photography, philosophy |
(5) 表示人和事物的总和,集合含义
- -age:
baggage,tonnage - -dom:
newspaperdom - -hood:
neighbourhood,womanhood - -ry:
cavalry,ministry - -ure:
legislature,judicature
(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义
- -ant, -ent:
solvent,constant - -al:
signal,pictorial - -ar:
collar,pillar - -er:
boiler,computer,washer,cooker - -ery:
drapery - -ing:
clothing,matting - -ment:
instrument,equipment,attachment
(7) 表示“细小”的意思
- -cle:
particle - -cule:
molecule - -el:
parcel - -en:
chicken,maiden - -et:
pocket,ticket - -etta, -ette, -etto:
cigarette - -kin:
napkin - -ling:
duckling - -let:
booklet - -y:
baby,doggy
第2节 形容词后缀
(1) 带有“属性、倾向、相关”的含义
| 后缀 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| -able, -ible | movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible |
| -al | natural, additional, educational |
| -an, -ane | urban, suburban, republican |
| -ant, -ent | distant, important, excellent |
| -ar | similar, popular, regular |
| -ary | military, voluntary |
| -ic, -atic, -ical | politic, systematic, physical |
| -ine | masculine, feminine, marine |
| -ing | moving, touching, daring |
| -ish | foolish, bookish, selfish |
| -ive | active, impressive, decisive |
| -ory | satisfactory, compulsory |
| -il, -ile, -eel | fragile, genteel |
(2) 表示“相像,类似”的含义
- -ish:
boyish,childish - -esque:
picturesque - -like:
manlike,childlike - -ly:
manly,fatherly,scholarly,motherly - -some:
troublesome,handsome - -y:
milky,pasty
(3) 表示“充分的”含义
- -ful:
beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful - -ous:
dangerous,generous,courageous,various - -ent:
violent
(4) 表示由某种物质形成、制成或生产的含义
- -en:
wooden,golden,woolen - -ous:
gaseous - -fic:
scientific
(5) 表示方向的含义
- -ern:
eastern,western - -ward:
downward,forward
(6) 表示“倍数”的含义
- -ble:
double,treble - -ple:
triple - -fold:
twofold,tenfold
(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义
- -teen:
thirteen - -ty:
fifty - -th:
fourth,fiftieth
(8) 表示国籍、语种、宗教的含义
- -an:
Roman,European - -ese:
Chinese - -ish:
English,Spanish
(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义
- -er:
greater - -ish:
reddish,yellowish - -est:
highest - -most:
foremost,topmost
(10) 其他含义
- -less: 否定
countless,stainless,wireless
第3节 动词后缀
| 后缀 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| -ize, -ise | 做成,变成,……化 | modernize, mechanize, organize |
| -en | 是成为,引起,使有 | quicken, weaken, soften, harden |
| -fy | 使……化,使成 | beautify, purify, intensify, signify |
| -ish | 使,令 | finish, abolish, diminish, establish |
| -ate | 成为……,处理,作用 | separate, operate, indicate |
第4节 副词后缀
- -ly:
possibly,swiftly,simply - -ward, -wards:
downward,inwards,upward - -ways:
always,sideways - -wise:
otherwise,clockwise
词根
| 词根 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| aer, ar | 空气,大气 | aeroplane, aerial |
| ag, act, ig | 做,动作 | active, agent, reaction |
| alt | 高 | altitude |
| alter, altern, altr | 其他,变更 | alternate |
| bio, bi, bion | 生物,生命 | biology, bionics |
| brev, bri, brief | 短 | brief, abbreviation, abridge |
| cap, capt, cept, cip | 取,获 | capture, except, concept, capacity |
| ced, ceed, cess | 行,让步 | proceed, succeed, excess |
| centr | 中心 | concentrate, eccentric |
| clain, claim | 呼喊 | claim, proclaim, exclaim |
| clos, clud | 闭合 | conclude, enclose, include |
| col, cult | 耕耘 | colony, cultivate, agriculture |
| cor, cord | 心 | cordial, record, accord |
| curr, cur, cour | 跑,动作 | current, occur, concurrence |
| dic, dict | 说,示 | dictate, edit, indicate, predict |
| doc, doct | 教 | doctor, document |
| duc, duct | 引导、传导 | introduce, produce, conduct |
| fact, fac, fect, dic, dit | 做,创造 | factory, effect, profit, faculty |
| fend, fens | 打,击 | defense, offence |
| fer | 搬运,转移 | ferry, transfer, defer |
| fin, finit | 终、极 | final, finish, confine |
| firm | 坚固 | firm, confirm, affirm |
| fix | 固定 | prefix, affix |
| flect, flex | 弯曲 | flexible, reflex |
| flor, flour, flower | 花 | flower, flourish |
| form | 形 | uniform, formula, transform, reform |
| forc, fort | 力,强度 | force, enforce, effort |
| gen, genit | 生产,发生 | generate, generation |
| gram, graph | 书写,记录 | telegram, diagram, photograph |
| grad, gress, gred, gree | 步,阶段 | gradually, degree, progress |
| hab, habit, hibit | 保持,住 | inhabit, exhibit, prohibit |
| her, hes | 粘附 | adhere, cohesion |
| ject, jet | 抛射 | project, inject |
| jour | 日,一天 | journal, adjourn, journey |
| jug, junct | 结合,连合 | conjunction, junction |
| labour, labor | 劳动,工作 | labourer, elabourate, collaborate |
| lect, leg, lig | 挑选,采集 | collect, select, lecture |
| lif, liv | 生活,生存 | life, alive |
| loc | 场所,位置 | location, dislocate |
| long, leng, ling | 长的 | length, prolong, linger |
| loqu, locut | 说话 | colloquial, eloquent |
| mand, mend | 命令 | command, demand, recommend |
| man, manu | 手,手法 | manage, manual |
| memor, member | 记忆 | memory, remember, memorial |
| mind, ment | 心 | mind, remind, mental |
| merc, merch | 贸易 | commerce, merchant |
| meas, mens, meter, metr | 测量,度量 | measure, meter, diameter |
| min | 小 | diminish, minority |
| miss, mit | 派遣,送 | mission, dismiss, transmit, missile |
| mob, mot, mov | 动 | movement, motion, mobile, remove |
| nect, nex | 捆扎 | connect, disconnect, annex |
| not | 记号,注意 | note, denote, annotation |
| onom, onym | 名字 | synonym, autonym, anonymous |
| pair, par | 相同,对等 | compare 准备 prepare |
| pel, puls | 追逐 | expel, impel |
| pend, pens, poud | 悬挂 | depend, independent, expense |
| phon | 声音 | symphony, telephone, microphone |
| plac | 位置,场所 | place, replace |
| peopl, popul, publ | 人民,民众 | public, republic, popular, people |
| port | 搬运 | export, import, deport |
| press | 压,压制 | pressure, express, oppress, impression |
| prob, proof, prov | 实验,验证 | prove, approve |
| quer, quest, quir, quis | 寻找,探问 | inquiry, question, inquisition |
| rang, rank | 排列 | arrange, rank |
| rect, right, rig | 正,直 | correct, direct, erect |
| riv | 河流,流远 | river, arrive, derive |
| rupt | 破坏,毁坏 | eruption, bankrupt, corruption |
| sci | 认识,知识 | science, conscious |
| scrib, script | 书写,记录 | describe, script |
| sens, sent | 感觉,情感 | sensation, sentiment |
| sign | 标记,符号 | signal, signature, design |
| sembl, simil | 相似,类似 | similar, resemble, assimilate |
| soci | 结合,社交 | social, association |
| spec, spect, spitc, spis | 看,视 | inspect, spectator, conspicuous |
| struct | 建筑,构造 | structure, construct, instruct |
| tect, teg | 遮蔽,掩盖 | detect, protect |
| temp, tens | 时间,时机 | tense, contemporary, temporal |
| tend, tes, tent | 倾向,伸张 | tendency, intension, extend, intend |
| test | 证明,证实 | testify, protest, contest |
| text | 编织,构成 | textile, texture, context |
| tract, trail | 拖拉,吸引 | attract, tractor, abstract, contract |
| tribut | 给予 | contribution, distribute |
| us, ut | 用,使用 | usable, utilize, abuse |
| vac, van | 空,虚 | vacancy, vanity, evacuate |
| vad, vas, wad | 走,去 | invade, wade, evade |
| vers, vert | 旋转,反转 | convert, inversion, reverse, divert |
| vid, vis, vey, view | 观看,看见 | television, visible, evident, interview, survey |
| viv, vit | 生,活 | vivid, vital, survival |
| war, ward | 注意,保护 | aware, wary, ward |
| way | 路 | way, away, subway, always |
总结
上述内容汇总了常见的前缀、后缀以及词根,在记忆单词时可以灵活运用这些构词法规则,帮助深度理解和记忆单词含义。
- 通过掌握 前缀,可以辨识单词的功能或方向(如否定、比较、位置、数量等)。
- 熟悉 后缀,能够快速识别单词的词性(如名词、形容词、动词、副词)。
- 了解 词根,则能深度把握单词最核心的含义和出处。
:rocket: 祝学习顺利!
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